What Is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a disorder in which bits of tissue from the inner lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grow inside a woman's body, outside of the uterus. The uterus is a hollow organ within a woman's abdomen where a fertilized egg implants and where a developing baby is nourished and grows.

These misplaced bits of endometrial tissue can cause pain and irregular bleeding, and can affect a woman's ability to become pregnant.

Each month, in a normal menstrual cycle:

• The ovaries (the organs where egg cells develop) produce hormones (the body's chemical messengers) that stimulate the cells of the uterine lining - the endometrial cells - to multiply and prepare for a fertilized egg. These cells swell and thicken.
• If a pregnancy does not occur, this excess tissue is shed from the uterus and discharged from the body.
• This discharge of tissue is a woman's menstrual period.

In endometriosis:

• Patches of misplaced endometrial tissue implant themselves on organs outside of the uterus, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes rectum, and bladder.
• These cells also respond to the ovaries' hormonal signals by swelling and thickening.
• However, these cells are unable to separate themselves and shed from the tissue to which they have adhered. They sometimes bleed a little and then heal.
• This happens repeatedly each month, and the ongoing process can cause scarring. It also can create adhesions, which are web-like tissues that can bind pelvic organs together.

Endometriosis sometimes produces no symptoms, and many women are unaware that they have the condition. Therefore, the true incidence is hard to determine. But many experts believe it affects between 5 and 15 percent of all women of reproductive age

.

Endometrial tissue can grow anywhere in the abdomen, including:

• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Outer surface of the uterus
• Bladder
• Rectum

Less commonly, endometrial tissue may adhere to:

• Outer surfaces of the small and large intestines
• Ureters (tubes leading to from the kidneys to the bladder)
• Vagina
• Surgical scars in the abdomen
• Lining of the chest cavity
• Other areas outside the abdomen, such as the lung or thigh (this is rare)

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